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Produced water from chemical floods can cause problems for separation and water treatment equipment due to the polymers and surfactants used. Challenges are greater offshore where space limitations can affect treatment options.

This paper provides a benchmarking of different cryogenic tanks in terms of operation life and type of containment (single- vs. double-containment tanks) in the LNG industry. The different options adopted to recertify these tanks are covered.

Use of surfactants and gas lift in combination to suppress severe slugging were tested. Surfactants were able to suppress severe slugging for most of the cases, and gas lift helped significantly.

A relatively small concentration of a defoamer can have a significant impact on the dynamics of multiphase flow within a pipe, but the effect is generally temporary.

A growing number of alternatives for treating flowback water enable operators to meet the requirements for discharge or reuse of the water in the fracturing fluid, a scientist said recently.

A wide variety of factors have drawn foreign engineering and construction (E&C) firms to North America, and their presence has changed the dynamics of bidding on projects over the past few years, a panel of experts said recently.

A variety of low-cost technologies can result in an increase in production in mature oil and gas fields, although the increase is usually temporary and not always economical.

The challenges in achieving effective communication between facilities and reservoir engineers were addressed during a dinner and panel session held during the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition in October.

Change has remained a constant in the E&C industry for decades, but the firms that have thrived are those that remain true to a core set of basic principles.

This issue features four papers, three of which deal with flowline- and pipeline-related issues. The fourth paper deals with the use of the ALARP (as low as reasonably possible) principle for evaluating environmental risks and impacts of produced water discharged to the sea.