Adjoint Gradient, Commercial Simulator Combine for Efficient History-Matching

Efficient history-matching of reservoir simulation models remains a paramount challenge in the oil and gas industry. Traditional approaches often require computationally expensive simulations, performed either manually by reservoir engineers or by algorithms that treat the reservoir simulator as a black box. In contrast, the adjoint method facilitates efficient determination of sensitivities to all parameters in a single backward calculation. However, its implementation requires knowledge of the partial differential equations used to develop the forward model, which is not available for commercial simulators.