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Produced water from chemical floods can cause problems for separation and water treatment equipment due to the polymers and surfactants used. Challenges are greater offshore where space limitations can affect treatment options.

This paper provides a benchmarking of different cryogenic tanks in terms of operation life and type of containment (single- vs. double-containment tanks) in the LNG industry. The different options adopted to recertify these tanks are covered.

Use of surfactants and gas lift in combination to suppress severe slugging were tested. Surfactants were able to suppress severe slugging for most of the cases, and gas lift helped significantly.

The focus of this paper is how efficiencies affect schedule, with the recognition of the secondary effect on project cost. This paper also proposes integrated project delivery to enhance effectiveness.

Floating LNG (FLNG) units have a higher risk of explosion than onshore plants because of the limited and congested environment on the ship. This paper focuses on proper design to address this hazard.

This paper presents a technique that results in an occupied structure being located properly and constructed to reduce the risk of harm to the occupants to a tolerable level.

Efficient separation assumes uniform flow, but the reality of inlet geometries can invalidate this assumption, leading to separation problems and loss of separation efficiency.

Given the inherent differences in projects, the author discusses how can standardization be used to avoid creating each one from scratch, and what the benefits of standardizing might be for the industry.

Flow assurance issues offshore fall into three main categories -- production chemistry (deposition), operational issues (sand, slugging, foaming, emulsions) and integrity (corrosion, erosion)

The Tamar deepwater gas development offshore Israel experienced a short 4-year gap between discovery and startup, but doing so required the tough decisions in handling significant flow assurance issues.