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The full-field development plan for the Khazzan project in Oman is based on drilling approximately 300 wells targeting gas-producing horizons at measured depths of approximately 6000 m with 1000 m horizontal sections.

Although the use of managed-pressure drilling is helping drilling operation by allowing better pressure control in the annulus, there are also new risks to be taken into consideration.

Pressurized-mud-cap drilling (PMCD) and early kick detection (EKD) are two unconventional drilling techniques that have been used widely individually, mostly in relation to closed and pressurizable systems and to managed-pressure-drilling (MPD) applications.

Standalone-sand-screen (SAS) completion, especially in horizontal gas wells with high potential for sand production, typically suffers from premature failure caused by sand erosion resulting from high velocity in the annulus near the heel section.

Large amounts of clay minerals are present in shale; shale’s resulting instability is a major problem while drilling.

Production of low-viscosity liquids, including condensates, from tight reservoirs such as shales is severely restricted by the ultralow permeability of such formations, limiting production to a very small fraction, usually less than 5%, of the liquids in place.

Matrix acidizing is commonly used as a preflush to the hydraulic-fracturing stimulation of shale formations. The process dissolves sediments and mud solids that inhibit the permeability of the rock, enlarging the natural pores of the reservoir and stimulating flow of hydrocarbons.

With the industry moving forward with exploration and development in the broader categories of unconventional resources globally, it is of paramount importance to assess and improve the different methods and tools for estimating reserves, to establish their accuracy and credibility.

There are no reliable estimates of technically recoverable resources (TRRs) for unconventional reservoirs outside North Amercia, and many countries lack the advanced technology such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing necessary to develop unconventional resources.

SPE welcomes 128 members into the Legion of Honor, which celebrates 50 years of consecutive membership in the Society.